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General discussion => Antique Gun Collecting => Topic started by: JHeath on January 11, 2022, 08:17:34 PM

Title: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 11, 2022, 08:17:34 PM
I know why both flat ( "shotgun") and crescent ("rifle") buttplates exist. Flat plates can be fired from the shoulder pocket with the body near-square to the target. Crescent plates are mounted to the upper arm, the body near-right-angle to the target, the rifle cross-body and not cantilevered from the chest. To give a clearer example, crescent plates are for a more "scheutzen" position. Nobody would attempt to mount a scheutzen hooked buttplate to the shoulder pocket. Mounting a crescent plate to the shoulder pocket is a painful mistake.

Is there any historical evidence relating to these very different shooting styles in connection to builder traditions?

Were shooters conscious that rifles from X region were intended to be fired from a "shotgun" position, and rifles from Y region built to be fired from a more scheutzen-style position?
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Clark Badgett on January 11, 2022, 08:24:59 PM
American rifles seem to have mostly gone with curved butts. European rifles seemed to have stayed with flatter butts.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: AZshot on January 12, 2022, 05:20:09 PM
Wait, didn't you just start another thread a couple days ago with the same topic?  https://americanlongrifles.org/forum/index.php?topic=69557.msg696019#new
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Shreckmeister on January 12, 2022, 05:56:50 PM
The deep crescent butt plates on the rifles made by Wm. Shreckengost were intended to be placed below the bicep.  When held across the body, they move the center of gravity toward the shooters chest thereby giving better balance and therefore increased accuracy.  His rifles were primarily small caliber for small game.  If you hold them this way you can definitely feel the steadiness it provides.  Also the crescent butt are of various sizes, so I'm thinking they were based on the build of the buyers.  Along with the crescent butt, the drop was increased to raise the plain of the barrel to eye level.  I am not aware of this style previous to 1840, but he used it from 1840 until 1890 when he ceased to make guns.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 13, 2022, 12:13:23 AM
Wait, didn't you just start another thread a couple days ago with the same topic?  https://americanlongrifles.org/forum/index.php?topic=69557.msg696019#new

On the "Black Powder Shooting" forum, not here. And I left a heads-up there for the moderator, before starting this thread with the question rephrased.

I am not so interested in how people view crescent buttplates today. I am interested in how the buttplates relate to the construction and use of period longrifles in different communities.

Experts study tiny details of trigger shapes, decorative motifs, etc. and study how the buttplates look.

Crescent buttplates virtually dictate shooting technique. They are not just decorative.

They are as different as if Wasco county longrifles were made with open sights, and Deschutes county longrifles rifles were made with aperture sights. It begs the question of how conscious period users were, that there are two ways to position rifles, and that their own was a local choice.

Is there evidence? Some letter-writer scoffing at a crescent plate rifle, or vise versa?


(https://i.ibb.co/7nL53wm/8701337129-33e1d53ccc-n.jpg) (https://imgbb.com/)

(https://i.ibb.co/2kM9gfr/DSCN6457.jpg) (https://ibb.co/tJ2G8W6)
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Clark Badgett on January 13, 2022, 02:11:56 AM
In this country, the flatter butts gave way to the crescent plates as they moved into the 19th century. They then seemed to get progressively more curvy, and by the mid 1850s even our military muskets incorporated some curvature. This trend continued into the early cartridge era. By the late 1870s some firearms manufacturers started offering flatter plates on the heavier recoiling rifles. As black powder started yielding to smokeless powders, the curvy plates started to be replaced by flatter plates.

Fowling types tended to stay with the more logical flatter types.

So, to answer your question, there doesn't seem to be any particular region or schools, etc, that did one or the other, instead a more universal stylistic trend.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 15, 2022, 04:12:36 AM
In this country, the flatter butts gave way to the crescent plates as they moved into the 19th century. They then seemed to get progressively more curvy, and by the mid 1850s even our military muskets incorporated some curvature. This trend continued into the early cartridge era. By the late 1970s some firearms manufacturers started offering flatter plates on the heavier recoiling rifles. As black powder started yielding to smokeless powders, the curvy plates started to be replaced by flatter plates.

Fowling types tended to stay with the more logical flatter types.

So, to answer your question, there doesn't seem to be any particular region or schools, etc, that did one or the other, instead a more universal stylistic trend.

Thanks. The shooting style must have evolved over time, then transitioned back.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 15, 2022, 06:36:10 AM
In this country, the flatter butts gave way to the crescent plates as they moved into the 19th century. They then seemed to get progressively more curvy, and by the mid 1850s even our military muskets incorporated some curvature. This trend continued into the early cartridge era. By the late 1970s some firearms manufacturers started offering flatter plates on the heavier recoiling rifles. As black powder started yielding to smokeless powders, the curvy plates started to be replaced by flatter plates.

Fowling types tended to stay with the more logical flatter types.

So, to answer your question, there doesn't seem to be any particular region or schools, etc, that did one or the other, instead a more universal stylistic trend.

Isn't is possible the crescent plate evolved in America as a consequence of the lengthening of the rifle?

Jaegers and English sporting rifles had short barrels and flat plates.

Scheutzen rifles, because they are muzzle-heavy, have "hooked" plates that are effectively deep crescent plates. The plate makes it possible to support the forend aft of the balance point, keeping your arm near the body.

As muzzle weight moves forward, at some point you *must* have a crescent or hooked plate, you don't have a choice. If you had a 48" x 1" straight barrel you couldn't keep it on your shoulder with a flat plate. You wouldn't have enough friction on the buttplate. Or to get enough friction you'd be pulling back extremely hard.

I think people agree that long barrels are the technical response to ballistic needs. And that swamped barrels are a technical response to the balance of a heavy barrel. Crescent buttplates, as technology, offset the effect of a long or heavy barrel. If the fulcrum is your left hand, and you add weight on a long cantilever past that, you have to hold down the other end of the "teeter-totter." Seems to me.

Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Ky-Flinter on January 15, 2022, 07:09:39 AM
Wait, didn't you just start another thread a couple days ago with the same topic?  https://americanlongrifles.org/forum/index.php?topic=69557.msg696019#new

Yes, he did.  But the discussion turned ugly and I moved the thread to the Moderators File for review and possible penalties.  If this thread doesn't remain civil I will remove it too.

Ron
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Robby on January 15, 2022, 08:01:09 PM
Wait, didn't you just start another thread a couple days ago with the same topic?  https://americanlongrifles.org/forum/index.php?topic=69557.msg696019#new

Yes, he did.  But the discussion turned ugly and I moved the thread to the Moderators File for review and possible penalties.  If this thread doesn't remain civil I will remove it too.

Ron
Must be cabin fever setting in already, how can it get ugly discussing the shape of a buttplate??!?!?!? :o
Robby
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 15, 2022, 11:19:39 PM
Yeah, my intention is to find out what’s known about the period choice of buttplate design. To me it is exactly the equivalent of investigating the lengthening of barrels into longrifles. The barrel at one end of the rifle is connected to the buttplate at the other end. It’s like a gun carriage. Cannons get longer or more powerful and the carriage tech evolves to match. The buttplate is a gun carriage. It’s not a decoration. It’s fundamental to how the object is used.

What I’m finding is that people apparently haven’t looked into it as an 18th Cent historical question and   can’t agree on much about it in the here-and-now.


Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Clark Badgett on January 16, 2022, 02:06:08 AM
Isn't is possible the crescent plate evolved in America as a consequence of the lengthening of the rifle?

Jaegers and English sporting rifles had short barrels and flat plates.

Scheutzen rifles, because they are muzzle-heavy, have "hooked" plates that are effectively deep crescent plates. The plate makes it possible to support the forend aft of the balance point, keeping your arm near the body.

As muzzle weight moves forward, at some point you *must* have a crescent or hooked plate, you don't have a choice. If you had a 48" x 1" straight barrel you couldn't keep it on your shoulder with a flat plate. You wouldn't have enough friction on the buttplate. Or to get enough friction you'd be pulling back extremely hard.

I think people agree that long barrels are the technical response to ballistic needs. And that swamped barrels are a technical response to the balance of a heavy barrel. Crescent buttplates, as technology, offset the effect of a long or heavy barrel. If the fulcrum is your left hand, and you add weight on a long cantilever past that, you have to hold down the other end of the "teeter-totter." Seems to me.

While barrel length might have had an effect of the butt plate shape, I'm thinking it was just artistry of the era. Fowling guns of the era were often very long in comparison to early rifled guns, even with barrel lengths of over 50" being quite common. I have never found the flatter early style plates on longrifles to be any problem with shouldering with the over 42" barrels.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 16, 2022, 06:12:14 AM
Isn't is possible the crescent plate evolved in America as a consequence of the lengthening of the rifle?

Jaegers and English sporting rifles had short barrels and flat plates.

Scheutzen rifles, because they are muzzle-heavy, have "hooked" plates that are effectively deep crescent plates. The plate makes it possible to support the forend aft of the balance point, keeping your arm near the body.

As muzzle weight moves forward, at some point you *must* have a crescent or hooked plate, you don't have a choice. If you had a 48" x 1" straight barrel you couldn't keep it on your shoulder with a flat plate. You wouldn't have enough friction on the buttplate. Or to get enough friction you'd be pulling back extremely hard.

I think people agree that long barrels are the technical response to ballistic needs. And that swamped barrels are a technical response to the balance of a heavy barrel. Crescent buttplates, as technology, offset the effect of a long or heavy barrel. If the fulcrum is your left hand, and you add weight on a long cantilever past that, you have to hold down the other end of the "teeter-totter." Seems to me.

While barrel length might have had an effect of the butt plate shape, I'm thinking it was just artistry of the era. Fowling guns of the era were often very long in comparison to early rifled guns, even with barrel lengths of over 50" being quite common. I have never found the flatter early style plates on longrifles to be any problem with shouldering with the over 42" barrels.


If you throw a crescent plated rifle to your shoulder and shoot it like a fowler, it will hurt. I just can't believe an artistic gunsmith turned that into a national fad, and people trying to look cool tortured themselves for generations.

I think crescent buttplates on longrifles must serve the exact same function as on schuetzen rifles, hooks on biathalon rifles, etc. Nobody would mount a scheutzen rifle like a shotgun, and everybody agrees the hooked plate exists because the rifles are barrel heavy. The plate goes with an off-the-arm shooting technique, which requires standing almost at a right angle to the target and bringing the rifle close to the chest.

Unless our forefathers were total masochists who enjoyed stabbing their shoulders, the crescent plate must signify a shift in shooting technique away from shotgun/fowler style, to something like the schuetzen style.

Maybe the question should be, "Were people shooting flat-plate longrifles from the arm? And did crescent plates evolve to acommodate that?" Look at how modern national match service-rifle competitors use flat plates in standing position. It explains everything.

I think fowlers aren't swamped, are they? That was a response to barrel weight in rifles if I understand correctly.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: T*O*F on January 16, 2022, 03:52:24 PM
Quote
I think crescent buttplates on longrifles must serve the exact same function as on schuetzen rifles, hooks on biathalon rifles, etc. Nobody would mount a scheutzen rifle like a shotgun, and everybody agrees the hooked plate exists because the rifles are barrel heavy. The plate goes with an off-the-arm shooting technique, which requires standing almost at a right angle to the target and bringing the rifle close to the chest.
I have a book published in 1921 that describes the guns used by wilderness scouts that says exactly the same thing.  It also stated that holding the rifle cross-chest enabled one to shoot from behind a tree with only an eye and an elbow exposed.  A valuable trait when shooting game or enemies.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: rich pierce on January 16, 2022, 06:04:15 PM
We tend to think that the American experiences are unique and therefore the way things were done here are a result of special circumstances or needs. Meanwhile across the world in all sorts of dangerous places different styles emerged, but crescent buttplates are not seen. Of course we can compare schuetzen rifles with crescent-buttplate rifles here, with crude open sights and think they served the same needs. Perhaps. Sometimes styles just emerge and catch on. If you look at Kindig’s Golden Age book the gun weights are listed. Plenty of 9, 10 pound guns with long barrels and flat buttplates. Somehow they made do with flat buttplates, as did hunters in Africa and India, and as did American soldiers during the late flint and percussion eras when the crescent buttplates became popular here. I’m not dis-favoring crescent buttplates. I don’t think they are necessary or that there are compelling reasons, other than historical ones,  to have them. Historical reasons are good enough for me.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Mike Brooks on January 16, 2022, 06:06:49 PM
Wait, didn't you just start another thread a couple days ago with the same topic?  https://americanlongrifles.org/forum/index.php?topic=69557.msg696019#new

Yes, he did.  But the discussion turned ugly and I moved the thread to the Moderators File for review and possible penalties.  If this thread doesn't remain civil I will remove it too.

Ron
Maybe I need to get involved in this discussion.... ;D
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Clark Badgett on January 16, 2022, 08:48:21 PM
If you throw a crescent plated rifle to your shoulder and shoot it like a fowler, it will hurt. I just can't believe an artistic gunsmith turned that into a national fad, and people trying to look cool tortured themselves for generations.

I think crescent buttplates on longrifles must serve the exact same function as on schuetzen rifles, hooks on biathalon rifles, etc. Nobody would mount a scheutzen rifle like a shotgun, and everybody agrees the hooked plate exists because the rifles are barrel heavy. The plate goes with an off-the-arm shooting technique, which requires standing almost at a right angle to the target and bringing the rifle close to the chest.

Unless our forefathers were total masochists who enjoyed stabbing their shoulders, the crescent plate must signify a shift in shooting technique away from shotgun/fowler style, to something like the schuetzen style.

Maybe the question should be, "Were people shooting flat-plate longrifles from the arm? And did crescent plates evolve to acommodate that?" Look at how modern national match service-rifle competitors use flat plates in standing position. It explains everything.

I think fowlers aren't swamped, are they? That was a response to barrel weight in rifles if I understand correctly.

Yes, there were fowlers built with swamped barrels. The fact remains that a flat buttplate does not hamper shooting in any position, yet the crescent buttplate will. Couple with that the fact that the crescent plate largely came into vogue in the east after the majorioty of "shooting an enemy from behind a tree" had passed and smaller bores were becoming the fashion. The fowling gun was also the far most common type in any group of settlers where danger was likely. They are simply better for fire power and versatility. The crescent was a style, one that carried on into the westward expansion, not something that came from necessity.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: alacran on January 16, 2022, 10:00:50 PM
I spent some time this morning looking at Grinsdale's Fowler book. The majority of Hudson Bay Fowlers have crescent BPs. Looked at British Fowlers and some Also have crescent BPs. Some of those guns are early guns. The Hudson Bay Fowler are very lo,ng, and rather large bore.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: MuskratMike on January 16, 2022, 10:09:15 PM
Wasco & Deschutes counties? Are you picking on Oregon?
"Muskrat" Mike
McMinnville, Oregon
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: rich pierce on January 16, 2022, 11:24:47 PM
I spent some time this morning looking at Grinsdale's Fowler book. The majority of Hudson Bay Fowlers have crescent BPs. Looked at British Fowlers and some Also have crescent BPs. Some of those guns are early guns. The Hudson Bay Fowler are very lo,ng, and rather large bore.

I wasn’t thinking about gently curved buttplates but more the deeply curved ones as seen on Hawken, SMR, and other late rifles.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 17, 2022, 02:19:49 AM
We tend to think that the American experiences are unique and therefore the way things were done here are a result of special circumstances or needs. Meanwhile across the world in all sorts of dangerous places different styles emerged, but crescent buttplates are not seen. Of course we can compare schuetzen rifles with crescent-buttplate rifles here, with crude open sights and think they served the same needs. Perhaps. Sometimes styles just emerge and catch on. If you look at Kindig’s Golden Age book the gun weights are listed. Plenty of 9, 10 pound guns with long barrels and flat buttplates. Somehow they made do with flat buttplates, as did hunters in Africa and India, and as did American soldiers during the late flint and percussion eras when the crescent buttplates became popular here. I’m not dis-favoring crescent buttplates. I don’t think they are necessary or that there are compelling reasons, other than historical ones,  to have them. Historical reasons are good enough for me.

Historical reasons and connections are what interests me, too. There doesn’t need to be a practical explanation for the features of an object: features can be cause *or* effect.

But some features inescapably define how things are used. If you found pieces of a chunk gun, punt gun, wall gun and no historical record and insufficient evidence to explain the existence of such objects, how would you interpret them? That people carried and shot them offhand? That 5% of men in the past were 9’ tall? You would really have to conclude that they were used from some kind of rest.

The object itself presents limited possibilities. I don’t think generations of people were torturing themselves by shooting crescent plates from their shoulder pockets for the sake of fashion. I think the object itself tells us something about how they were using it.

Which doesn’t explain why they did it. We can’t always infer that. We can look at a Japanese matchlock and infer they didn’t shoulder it. We can’t infer why they made the stock so short. Maybe to shoot from castles, or because it fit in their duffle, or a shortage of wood. Or maybe they just didn’t think things through.

It doesn’t concern me if American shooters used crescent plates because of rifle matches, Natives behind trees, etc. But the shift from flat to crescent plates demonstrates I think an almost undeniable practice of mounting a gun as in the scheutzen standing position. That contrasts with how fowling is usually done and how flat plates are usually used. I think there’s an important story there and as a historian I am surprised nobody seems to have dug into it. The explanation “I guess they thought it looks cool” isn’t enough.

I know it’s possible to shoot a fat barrel with a flat plate. I had a 12lb competition service rifle with a flat plate and held it basically like a scheutzen rifle. There were historical reasons for it. In fact, historical reasons why the buttplate had a hinged hook on *top*.


Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: rich pierce on January 17, 2022, 03:50:11 AM
Without period references one can hypothesize, reason, and infer. And if one writes about it, eventually it can be accepted as common knowledge. I’ve seen many such examples that do not satisfy me.
“The longrifle developed because they needed long barrels to shoot poor powder.”
“The longrifle developed because they needed a longer sighting plane.”
“The longrifle developed as a hybrid between English trade guns and short Germanic rifles, driven by what Native Americans wanted.”
I don’t mean to debate such things; just point out that none of these declared reasons have any period proof. Not a single reference. So, still just ideas without any proof. 
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 17, 2022, 05:50:06 AM
We tend to think that the American experiences are unique and therefore the way things were done here are a result of special circumstances or needs. Meanwhile across the world in all sorts of dangerous places different styles emerged, but crescent buttplates are not seen. Of course we can compare schuetzen rifles with crescent-buttplate rifles here, with crude open sights and think they served the same needs. Perhaps. Sometimes styles just emerge and catch on. If you look at Kindig’s Golden Age book the gun weights are listed. Plenty of 9, 10 pound guns with long barrels and flat buttplates. Somehow they made do with flat buttplates, as did hunters in Africa and India, and as did American soldiers during the late flint and percussion eras when the crescent buttplates became popular here. I’m not dis-favoring crescent buttplates. I don’t think they are necessary or that there are compelling reasons, other than historical ones,  to have them. Historical reasons are good enough for me.

It’s not “necessary” to have a hooked butt on a scheutzen. You could pull a flat-plate scheutzen into your shoulder tight enough to shoot it.

But why do scheutzens have hooked plates? Because the barrel is heavy.

It’s not “necessary” to have a crescent plate on a longrifle. You can shoot a longrifle using a flat plate. But why do crescent plates become the norm?

 *Maybe* because the barrel is long, *maybe* because people realized shooting cross-the-body from the arm has advantages, and *maybe* they gradually realized that flat plates are necessary on fowlers but not rifles.

Has anybody checked? That was my question. And what I’m finding is that nobody has seen this addressed, the way barrels are endlessly discussed. Which to me is really striking, because the crescent butt is as distinctively American as the long barrel. It’s not a feature of Jaegers and English sporting rifles. And the crescent out-lives the long barrels; plains rifles had crescents. The crescent plate becomes an important technical feature of longrifles, dictates a shooting technique, and yet it’s treated like a peripheral, throwaway embellishment. Amazing.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: RAT on January 17, 2022, 07:24:42 AM
1. Look at the Erhard Wolf book on Jaeger rifles. A few of the later rifles show more pronounced heals. Yes... they're still pretty flat... but it shows a beginning of the evolution to curved butt plates. These correspond to similar styles used in America at the same time (roughly 1770's).

2. The American rifle tradition evolved with German immigrants.

3. Because American gunsmiths were less restrained by more formal styles, I believe they were more free to change and evolve... for better or for worse... and there doesn't need to be a logical, or scientific, or engineering, reason for it.

4. "Calibers got smaller because all the big game was gone". I don't believe that myth. I think it was partly due to economics. Small gun... less powder and lead to buy... less expensive. What I've read leads me to believe the smaller calibers were starting to be used it poorer areas first and moved out from there.

5. You're speaking too much in absolutes... "clearly"... not really... "you have to agree"... no I don't.

6. "More art than science"... you're looking too hard at cause and effect. Not everything is done for logical reasons. It reminds me of a line from a TV show... "it doesn't always have to make sense... like plus size bikinis". Barrel length and weight may have nothing to do with the shape of the butt plate.

7. I've read far more period journal references to shooting from a rest than I have about standing square or angled in relation to the target.

8. Some competitive shooting matches may have established positions that you were expected to use. I believe these evolved from formal matches in Germany. Back county matches probably didn't. They could shoot however they wanted.

9. There are period paintings of shooting matches. A good one is "Shooting for the Beef" by George Caleb Bingham (ca. 1850). It shows a back country shooting match.

10. Crescent buttplates may be bad for some shooting positions... but some shooting positions are just plain bad in themselves. Remember all those drawings of match shooters from the 19th century in contorted positions? In hindsight they don't make much sense either... but they did it.

What does this tell you about the shape of a buttplate?
(https://i.ibb.co/vY69RSJ/fulton.jpg) (https://imgbb.com/)

Sometimes we just have to accept what "is"... or in this case "was". There doesn't need to be an explanation. The same holds true for ourselves. Lets accept ourselves for who we are and accept the longrifle for what it is.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Clark Badgett on January 17, 2022, 07:30:01 AM
Shuetzen rifles were heavy for bore size, shot standing with a palm rest. The hooks were purpose built around that sport. And the hooks were made to balance the weight of the very heavy barrel.

You keep arguing barrel length as being the factor of the crescent showing up, but barrels began to shorten during the height of that particular fashion.

The facts still stand that there is no pragmatic reason for the curvy plates, but they do look good.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: spgordon on January 17, 2022, 02:33:33 PM
Has anybody checked? That was my question. And what I’m finding is that nobody has seen this addressed, the way barrels are endlessly discussed.

I'm not sure how somebody would "check"? If eighteenth-century references to changes in buttplate design survive/exist, where would they be?--perhaps in ledgers (entries describing parts ordered), perhaps in a letter from a customer to a gunsmith (*very* rare), perhaps as an offhand comment in a letter otherwise unrelated to gunmaking ("I just purchased a rifle with a cool crescent buttplate": nearly impossible to find). As we've seen in other threads recently, contemporary remarks about stock shape/design are rare as hen's teeth. This may be because so little written material has survived from the period, especially from the trade that we are studying--or it may be because the topic wasn't really discussed.

As with so many matters, we're left (as Rich said) to hypothesize, reason, and infer. This doesn't mean that some answers aren't more reasonable and persuasive than others. But I wouldn't hold out for contemporary written evidence. Probably too much to expect.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: WESTbury on January 17, 2022, 03:16:57 PM
From 1795 until 1855 all U.S. Military muskets and rifles had flat buttplates including the Model 1841 Rifle. The Model 1855 Rifle Musket and Rifle introduced the curved buttplate. The Trapdoor series of rifles used recycled M1855 buttplates. With the Model 1892 Krag Rifle, the Ordnance Department returned to the flat buttplate. The Models 1903, M1936 Garand, Model M14, and M16 Rifles all had flat buttplates.

Nobody was, and still is, more interested in shooting accuracy than the U.S. Military. If curved buttplates contributed to accuracy, they would have stuck with them.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: alacran on January 17, 2022, 03:43:59 PM
I spent some time this morning looking at Grinsdale's Fowler book. The majority of Hudson Bay Fowlers have crescent BPs. Looked at British Fowlers and some Also have crescent BPs. Some of those guns are early guns. The Hudson Bay Fowler are very lo,ng, and rather large bore.

I wasn’t thinking about gently curved buttplates but more the deeply curved ones as seen on Hawken, SMR, and other late rifles.
If you look at the Hudson Valley Fowlers, some have rather deep crescents. We think as fowlers to be shot at flying ducks. However back in the 18th and 19thcentury,
ducks were shot at night when they were close together at rest on the water. The term getting your ducks in a row comes from that practice. The few punt gun shooters left in the UK still practice that method of killing ducks.
Shooting at flying birds with a 50 inch barreled flintlock fowler, will lead to starvation.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: WadePatton on January 17, 2022, 05:21:14 PM
From 1795 ...

Nobody was, and still is, more interested in shooting accuracy than the U.S. Military. If curved buttplates contributed to accuracy, they would have stuck with them.

The modern military has different weapons for snipers than infantry, but I don't know how far that goes back. That very fact, though, leads me to think that accuracy is not the primary goal of the bulk of their rifles for quite some time now. It is the primary factor for sniping no doubt. Of course the butt shape isn't different.

As to the users in period, it's my notion that they were most concerned about caliber and type of arm,  smooth v. rifled, than any myriad of styling choices because the various regions didn't intermix so much as we do now. I don't think a man wanting a second gun in South Carolina was going to have the option of getting a NY or Ohio variation at his local source. But I haven't put any study into into such. Perhaps the rich guys traveled all around and made big collections, but not the common fellow who certainly did not have a small armory of long guns as most shooters do today. 

The craziest looking weapons I've seen have always been for accuracy or speed in some artificially constructed course of fire, like a chunk gun-specific to that purpose and a compromise when pushed into any other use.

Flat butts are just not as aesthetically pleasing to my eye and I wonder if that was not a great part of the longevity of curvy butts.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: WESTbury on January 17, 2022, 07:04:05 PM

The modern military has different weapons for snipers than infantry, but I don't know how far that goes back. That very fact, though, leads me to think that accuracy is not the primary goal of the bulk of their rifles for quite some time now. It is the primary factor for sniping no doubt. Of course the butt shape isn't different.


Tell that to the happy fellow in the photo below. ;D

Do not know about you Wade or others on this forum but, I spent the better part of August and September 1968 on the various ranges at Ft Jackson learning to be quick and accurate and that was just BCT. Also on Qualification Day everyone was "threatened" with being sent to a "Re-cycle Company" if you did not get a mininum score. That could have been all "bluff" and B.S. as was quite a bit of the tactics by the DI's was just that. :o

(https://i.ibb.co/HXg8kY4/R.jpg) (https://ibb.co/CW0GTv8)
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: spgordon on January 17, 2022, 07:38:21 PM
As to the users in period, it's my notion that they were most concerned about caliber and type of arm,  smooth v. rifled, than any myriad of styling choices because the various regions didn't intermix so much as we do now. I don't think a man wanting a second gun in South Carolina was going to have the option of getting a NY or Ohio variation at his local source. But I haven't put any study into into such. Perhaps the rich guys traveled all around and made big collections, but not the common fellow who certainly did not have a small armory of long guns as most shooters do today. 

It would be great to discover anybody in the eighteenth or early nineteenth century in America who treated guns as something to "collect." I've never come across anybody. Has anybody? I wonder when we could identify a "gun collector" in America.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: blienemann on January 17, 2022, 08:23:08 PM
Those who enjoy collecting have been around for many years. Here's an even older example. Sound familiar to anyone? Bob

(https://i.ibb.co/5Mnw3Q2/1700-print-the-gun-man-st-canv.png) (https://ibb.co/GxtNDZF)
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: spgordon on January 17, 2022, 08:27:36 PM
Those who enjoy collecting have been around for many years. Here's an even older example. Sound familiar to anyone? Bob

Understood. That's why I asked about American collectors. Anybody know of any Americans, as I asked, collecting guns in the eighteenth or early/mid nineteenth centuries?

Plenty of estate inventories from wealthy Americans. I've seen lots with collections of books, each enumerated. Any collections of guns?
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: spgordon on January 17, 2022, 08:45:46 PM
Lest anybody think that, "well, they were collecting in Europe so of course they were collecting in America ..."

Here's John Singleton Copley, in Boston in 1767, complaining that most people in early America did not consider painting a "fine art."

A taste of painting is too much Wanting to afford any kind of helps; and was it not for preserving the resembla[n]ce of particular persons, painting would not be known in the plac[e]. The people generally regard it no more than any other useful trade, as they sometimes term it, like that of a Carpenter tailor or shoemaker, not as one of the most noble Arts in the World.

His whole point is that, much to his disgust, early Americans did not like Europeans consider painting "one of the most noble Arts in the World." So, sure, elite Europeans in the eighteenth century collected fine arms. Not news. Did early Americans? 
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: RAT on January 18, 2022, 02:05:12 AM
It depends on how many guns qualify as a "collection"... and why they collected them.

Edward Fitzgerald Beale was a naval officer in the California theater during the Mexican American war. Later, he was tasked with carrying dispatches between California and the east. He served in several government posts, including Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California. This put him in contact with a number of historical characters. One was Andrew Sublette, younger brother of William and Milton Sublette. After Andrew's death (by grizzly bear), Beale acquired Andrew's rifle. He apparently "collected" arms based on provenance. I think there are other examples of gun collections in early America based on some famous person or other having once owned said gun.

Buffalo Bill Cody was a prolific collector of firearms.

Going back to the original topic...
I think some are WAY over thinking this.

1. No... The military was not ALWAYS concerned with accuracy. We need to stop looking at this through our late 20th century/early 21st century lens.

2. No... Scientific principles of physics may not have had anything to do with butt plate shape. That includes accounting for barrel length and weight.

3. No... Shooting position probably had no effect in causing a design change to the butt plate. They didn't have school courses where ex Navy SEALS taught this, or that, new wiz-bang shooting position. Again, that's a late 20th century construct.

4. Yes... We need to simply accept that... for whatever reason... the crescent butt plate became popular in America. Having a reason, or not having a reason, really doesn't matter all that much. Why did cars in the 50's have fins?


(https://i.ibb.co/F38p1KM/cars-8.jpg) (https://ibb.co/V9M6GtZ)
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: WESTbury on January 18, 2022, 02:27:10 AM
1. No... The military was not ALWAYS concerned with accuracy. We need to stop looking at this through our late 20th century/early 21st century lens.

True. With the smooth bore muskets and the rifle muskets, massed fire was the principle.
With the M'73 Trapdoors marksmanship was introduced. All you have to do is take a close look at the M884 rear sight. The Creedmoor shooting competitions per the Creedmoor Directive-1879 were initiated during the Trapdoor period.
Accuracy as very much an interest of the Ordnance Dept. as detailed by Al Frasca in Chapter 16 of his Volume II The 45-70 Springfield.

All of this is very far afield from Longrifles however and not germane to the issue in question with this thread as related to longrifles.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: spgordon on January 18, 2022, 02:41:54 AM
It depends on how many guns qualify as a "collection"... and why they collected them.

Edward Fitzgerald Beale was a naval officer in the California theater during the Mexican American war. Later, he was tasked with carrying dispatches between California and the east. He served in several government posts, including Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California. This put him in contact with a number of historical characters. One was Andrew Sublette, younger brother of William and Milton Sublette. After Andrew's death (by grizzly bear), Beale acquired Andrew's rifle. He apparently "collected" arms based on provenance. I think there are other examples of gun collections in early America based on some famous person or other having once owned said gun.

Buffalo Bill Cody was a prolific collector of firearms.

Thanks for this. These collectors are interesting--and it is interesting to think about collections based on who owned the arm (rather than, say, types of arms). It wouldn't surprise me if people, early on, preserved Washington's rifle or rifles of lesser-known-but-important figures.

The Buffalo Bill example makes a lot of sense: that is, people started collecting longrifles as longrifles once nostalgia developed for the time when longrifles flourished (the early frontier).

These folks (Beale, certainly Buffalo Bill--born 1846) are collecting mid-nineteenth century, I'd guess, at the earliest?
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 22, 2022, 12:32:28 AM
1. Look at the Erhard Wolf book on Jaeger rifles. A few of the later rifles show more pronounced heals. Yes... they're still pretty flat... but it shows a beginning of the evolution to curved butt plates. These correspond to similar styles used in America at the same time (roughly 1770's).

2. The American rifle tradition evolved with German immigrants.

3. Because American gunsmiths were less restrained by more formal styles, I believe they were more free to change and evolve... for better or for worse... and there doesn't need to be a logical, or scientific, or engineering, reason for it.

4. "Calibers got smaller because all the big game was gone". I don't believe that myth. I think it was partly due to economics. Small gun... less powder and lead to buy... less expensive. What I've read leads me to believe the smaller calibers were starting to be used it poorer areas first and moved out from there.

5. You're speaking too much in absolutes... "clearly"... not really... "you have to agree"... no I don't.

6. "More art than science"... you're looking too hard at cause and effect. Not everything is done for logical reasons. It reminds me of a line from a TV show... "it doesn't always have to make sense... like plus size bikinis". Barrel length and weight may have nothing to do with the shape of the butt plate.

7. I've read far more period journal references to shooting from a rest than I have about standing square or angled in relation to the target.

8. Some competitive shooting matches may have established positions that you were expected to use. I believe these evolved from formal matches in Germany. Back county matches probably didn't. They could shoot however they wanted.

9. There are period paintings of shooting matches. A good one is "Shooting for the Beef" by George Caleb Bingham (ca. 1850). It shows a back country shooting match.

10. Crescent buttplates may be bad for some shooting positions... but some shooting positions are just plain bad in themselves. Remember all those drawings of match shooters from the 19th century in contorted positions? In hindsight they don't make much sense either... but they did it.

What does this tell you about the shape of a buttplate?
(https://i.ibb.co/vY69RSJ/fulton.jpg) (https://imgbb.com/)

Sometimes we just have to accept what "is"... or in this case "was". There doesn't need to be an explanation. The same holds true for ourselves. Lets accept ourselves for who we are and accept the longrifle for what it is.

Most if not all of what you quoted didn’t come from me. For whatever reason, people who seem best-informed do not entirely accept any of the standard conjecture about lengthened barrels and smaller calibers. I have nothing to contribute to that discussion, except perhaps the observation that 250 years ago chronographs were exceeding scarce. If velocity were the reason for longer barrels, it might not matter if there was no practical advantage. Perhaps they believed there was an advantage. Bullet drop would have been a clue but they weren’t all Galileo. Neither are modern shooters when you look at the difference between their perception of power vs real difference.

Re military rifles, we have to consider they must be shot from all positions, and crescent plates are poor, almost impossible for that. Military rifles also have to work for every skill level. From what I see, many modern shooters try to mount crescents to the shoulder. If you had 10,000 recruits in 1812, you’d have the same problem or worse. So of course they were flat.

I don’t insist that historians explain the crescent plate in practical terms, or any other terms. I do believe, as a historian, there should exist at least some published discussion and research on the subject. From what I’m hearing, nobody has really looked into it. Sometimes research means “I couldn’t find enough direct evidence for a firm conclusion.” I wouldn’t expect to find much direct evidence. But lack of direct evidence is, in its own way, information. It means we have to adjust our expectations, and find different angles of inquiry. E.g. someone could hypothetically tabulate the percentage of surviving crescent vs flat buttplates over time, plot them geographically, and have a starting point. It’s not necessary to have a letter from Crockett saying “I hate those things, they hurt.”

I never, I think, asserted any conjecture as undeniable fact *except* that people were not shooting actual crescent plates from the shoulder pocket. I think it is undeniable that people were not shooting from the shoulder pocket with crescent plates that became extremely common, and very deep. I think that is a reasonable assumption. I think nobody can reasonably argue that crescent buttplates as they evolved to be deep were mounted to the shoulder pocket.

And I think the corollary, almost as reasonable assumption, is that they started shooting off the arm. And it follows that they presumably turned their bodies near 90deg to the target, because if you point a gun straight forward from your upper bicep, facing the target, your neck is not long enough to use the sights.

Which is all physical evidence that they *might* have started using rifles differently than when the plates were flat. I see people obsessing over “architecture”, cheekrests, carved motifs, minor differences in trigger guards, all kinds of wholly cosmetic features. At the same time the rifle became longer, the plate became so deeply concave, double set triggers became common. This is all telling us something and saying, “they just liked the way it looked” doesn’t cut it.

I’ve done my share of dense historical research and am not taking this up. But at this point in time I expected people would have recognized it as being significant enough to look for evidence.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 22, 2022, 02:38:16 AM
Wasco & Deschutes counties? Are you picking on Oregon?
"Muskrat" Mike
McMinnville, Oregon

Not at all. My hypothesis is that the longrifle was developed over decades in anticipation of a trip to hunt mulies in eastern Oregon, but they were never lucky enough to pull a tag.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: WadePatton on January 22, 2022, 02:45:36 AM
Wasco & Deschutes counties? Are you picking on Oregon?
"Muskrat" Mike
McMinnville, Oregon

Not at all. My hypothesis is that the longrifle was developed over decades in anticipation of a trip to hunt mulies in eastern Oregon, but they were never lucky enough to pull a tag.

OH of that we must be sure!

 ;D
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Daryl on January 22, 2022, 03:13:57 AM
One thing bout the hooks, they are MUCH slower to the shoulder for an aimed shot.
Years ago, 1986'ish, we had a contest at rendezvous called "The duel". I have spoken of this on this site, before.
Simply put, an upright post had a cross piece with an 8" plate of steel at each end of the cross piece/rod. The plates faced
"The Duelers". Each dueler held his or her rifle under the shoulder muzzle pointed down, in both hands.  At the signal, whether
a whistle or command, each dueler would shoulder their gun and shoot at their disk. The first disk hit, would rotate the 'cross piece'
removing the other competitor's 'disk' from their line of sight.
At this day and age, most of the shooters were shooting hooked butt plates and most were Hawken-styled rifles.
My English-styled rifle was never beaten at this "game". It came immediately to the shoulder, straight up into the pocket and bam-
on steel every time, instantly the butt hit the shoulder the sights were already on the target.  This happened, no matter who shot it
as a few of the lads wanted to try this style of gun. It worked splendidly, every time. Unbeaten at this "game".

edited- correcting typos.

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Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: JHeath on January 23, 2022, 12:34:47 AM
One thing bout the hooks, they are MUCH slower to the shoulder for an aimed shot.
Years ago, 1986'ish, we had a contest at rendezvous called "The duel". I have spoken of this on this site, before.
Simply put, an upright post had a cross piece with an 8" plate of steel at each end of the cross piece/rod. The plates faced
"The Duelers". Each dueler held his or her rifle under the shoulder muzzle pointed down, in both hands.  At the signal, whether
a whistle or command, each dueler would shoulder their gun and shoot at their disk. The first disk hit, would rotate the 'cross piece'
removing the other competitor's 'disk' form their line of sight.
At this day and age, most of the shooters were shooting hooked butt plates and most were Hawken-styled rifles.
My English-styled rifle was never beaten at this "game". It came immediately to the shoulder, straight up into the pocket and bam-
on steel every time, instantly the butt hit the shoulder the sights were already on the target.  This happened, no matter who shot it
as a few of the lads wanted to try this style of gun. It worked splendidly, every time. Unbeaten at this "game".


(https://i.ibb.co/wBNFtDh/DSCF0022.jpg) (https://ibb.co/JmRwZXj)

And THAT is precisely the story of buttplates on these rifles. One type is needed for snapshooting facing the target, and the other is part of a rifle design for deliberate fire from standing position with the body turned.

To some extent, that seems to distinguish English from American perceptions of what defines a fine rifle.

I often notice British shooters think a "fine rifle" should fit like a shotgun, snap straight up to a sight picture while facing a suddenly-appearing target. More American shooters think a good rifle should be "steady" and have a super light trigger. Completely different ideas of how rifles are used.  Daryl, you recently posted a photo of yourself (or your brother?) aiming an English sporting rifle. I noticed your left index finger was extended as though shotgunning. That, I think, is how those rifles are intended to be used. And it's an established cultural trend, it seems to mark the difference between a modern London unmentionable and American ideas of what makes a good rifle.

Double set triggers are another feature that screams the difference in styles. They are for deliberate shooting, and became far more common on American rifles. They are not for snap shooting. If you see an old rifle with DS triggers and a crescent plate, don't expect it to be British.

 I will go on a limb and say that double set triggers are never used on shotguns. I say that to give someone here the satisfaction of disproving everything I have said by showing an example of a shotgun with double set triggers. Bonus points if it is a SxS with four triggers.

One of these rifles is classically English, a Jos. Manton. The other is American. The difference isn't the engraving motifs or style of cheekpiece. The difference is that you can snapshoot from the shoulder pocket with the English rifle, and the American rifle is optimized for deliberate position-shooting, secure to the arm, cross-body, with a target-weight trigger. Otherwise you could hardly tell them apart.

What's interesting is that American sporting rifles were not always like this. They transitioned in the late 18th Century to accomodate a completely different style of shooting.



(https://i.ibb.co/9Z49fhJ/Screenshot-2022-01-21-22-14-55-kindlephoto-590130010.png) (https://ibb.co/NTN6krX)



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Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: smylee grouch on January 23, 2022, 12:54:42 AM
I wonder if there isn't some difference in comb line (cast and pitch ) between a Hawken and a fine English rifle too.  :-\
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: Daryl on January 23, 2022, 01:31:06 AM
I think most all of the Euro guns have less drop at the heel & pretty much had figured out stock shape that hunting rifles should have, in the 1700's.
Some times this increased drop at the heel & toe is exaggerated on later American styled rifles, like some SMRifles, which is where the hockey
stick moniker comes from, I am sure.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: RAT on January 23, 2022, 06:43:38 AM
Here is a photo of a German wheel-lock rifle with a "cheek stock".
(https://i.ibb.co/Fb5mQsC/wheellock.jpg) (https://ibb.co/7Jnj3gL)

This one is fairly late (mid 17th century). This style of stock pre-dates the invention of the stock designed to be placed against the shoulder to steady the rifle during firing. The book "The Art of the Gunmaker" by J. F. Hayward states the cheek stock was in use by 1540, and was used until about 1660. He states the true shouldered butt stock was invented in either France or Spain around 1530-1550. German rifles eventually evolved to use the shouldered butt stock.

Notice 4 things about the rifle...
1. It has a full octagon barrel 2. It has double set triggers 3. It has a prominent cheek piece 4. It has a knob sticking out of the butt.

The knob is the head of a vent pick that screws into a hole in the butt for storage. This basically prevents it from being shouldered. These guns were shot by supporting the fore end with a forked rest... the butt was held away from the shoulder and was entirely supported by holding tight to the cheek. This is the reason for the (German) invention of the cheek rest. The Germans invented double set triggers for cross bows BEFORE the invention of firearms. They also invented the rifled barrel.

The octagon rifled barrel, double set triggers, and angular cheek piece continued to be used in the German tradition of rifle making from the beginning of firearms all the way into the 19th century. Germans brought the rifle making tradition to America and this is why American longrifles look the way they do.

Here is a painting by George Caleb Bingham ca. 1850
(https://i.ibb.co/Jrn8tCs/Bingham.jpg) (https://ibb.co/h2sr9Cm)

You can draw whatever conclusion you want from the shooting position shown. What I want to point out is the man next to the shooter. Look at the position of the rifle he's loading.

Here's a photo of the gunsmith John Caleb Vincent. Notice the position of the rifle he is loading.
(https://i.ibb.co/Y3608Gf/Vincent.jpg) (https://ibb.co/nbTPfSQ)

I've long suspected that the crescent butt plate was developed to aid in loading. The protruding heel sticks in the ground. This is particularly helpful in loading tight ball/patch combinations.

JHeath... I can't recommend enough doing more research on the history and art of these guns. This includes studying regional styles and architecture. And please don't limit your research to just a limited time frame. I highly recommend "The Art of the Gunmaker" for a study of firearms from their very beginnings up through the 19th century. It was published in 2 volumes. The last time I looked (probably 5-10 years ago) it was available online as an E-book. So, it's out there and available. Please don't limit yourself to just what to think you might know. You really need to do the research.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: RAT on January 23, 2022, 06:48:53 AM
JHeath... I sent you a private message with an offer to provide some additional information.
Title: Re: Crescent buttplate traditions
Post by: alacran on January 23, 2022, 05:39:40 PM
I agree with a lot of what Daryl says about the English butt being easier to shoulder than a hooked butt like the Hawken. However, I have found over the years that most people that shoot Hawkens, have a too long trigger reach. A lot of them are not built correctly that is the front trigger will not fire the lock without first being set.  Also, most people don't shoot their Hawkens enough to be able to shoot them instinctually.
They only shoot their rifles at monthly matches where a deliberate stance is optimal.
Hunting with a rifle in a situation that involves "spot and stalk, or still hunting" by necessity will teach you to shoot a rifle in whatever position you are in.
I have killed animals where I was square on with my Hawken, mounted the rifle and shot it with the front trigger unset all done in one fluid motion.
I think familiarity with a particular rifle is as important, if not more so than the shape of the butt.