Rich,
I want to amplify what Bill said about sharpening. All your cutting tools need to be very sharp. Sharper than you can probably imagine at this point. You need to check out all the references that you can about sharpening and really try to master that. Knowing how to properly sharpen you tools is at least half the battle. It took me a long time to learn to sharpen my tools so that they were just adequate. I am still learning how to do it. One thing you have to discipline yourself to do ( and it is difficult, at least for me) is to stop what you are doing and sharpen your chisel, or plane, or graver when it is not cutting the way it should. Now, honing is usually all that is needed once you get the edge shaped correctly, but I find myself doing that sometimes as often as every 20 minutes when I am working along steadily. I am not sure I even go that long when I am turning on the lathe. It you can learn to sharpen everything correctly, it will save you a lot of grief.
The test that I use to check my edged tools for sharpness is to see if the blade sticks into my finger nail when lightly (very lightly) touching it. If the edge slides off, it is not sharp enough. Any time that you are using a lot of force on a tool or it is slipping, then it is not sharp.
That said, you talked about wood tearing out. A sharp (maybe not perfectly sharp) edged tool will tear out wood or chip an edge if you are cutting against the grain. You must work with the grain. Many times when you are working with figured wood, you must change the direction of your cut to accommodate the grain.
For the sake of full disclosure, I do not always do the things that I just told you to do. When I don't I end up with a less than perfect result, sometimes much less than perfect.
One more thing. I recently discovered diamond impregnated sharpening "stones". They are wonderful! They cut very quickly and do not hollow out. When a perfect edge is important, use a diamond stone. I have one that I use all the time now for sharpening my favorite scraper and gravers. Just a couple of licks on that stone and you are set to go.
Keep plugging.
Mark E.