Oh - about that .54 and penetration & what it means to big game. I witnessed a nice bull moose being shot with a 28" barreled .54 with a .535" patched round ball driven by 100gr. 2F powder. The moose was 170yards away.
yeah- too far?
That was my "guess".
The ball hit behind the leg, low in the chest, centered a rib, bottom of first lung small hole, holed the heart making a 1/2" permanent hole, through the off side lung, just a slit then between 2 ribs and stopped against the hide. Note - the meat between the ribs is close to an inch thick, and the fat (not much during the rut) and tissue, another 1/2" or so after passing through the off side hide, tissue, fat and 3/8" thick rib, then lung, heart, lung and meat/fat/tissue - about 30" side to side.
Yes - it was a very lucky shot and if I was the guide, I would not have allowed it. However, that the ML round ball was capable, is obvious, and was not a heavy load for a .54. Most guys around here use 120 or more grains of 2F in their .54's for hunting.
If you want, you can run fpe numbers from normal velocities, right out to whatever range you want. That load was running from 200 to perhaps 350 foot pounds of energy at that range. This should go to great lengths to show you fpe and actual killing power, are two entirely different things.
Near as I can formulate, the impact velocity might have been as high as 800fps - maybe, likely not from that short barrel. That would make 335fpe or less at impact.
Forgot to note - the moose took off at a dead run, flat out for 40yards and piled up dead mid-stride. 40 yards - DRT