The last time I drew up plans for a rifle I used a couple rulers to mark out the critical dimensions, including the drop at the comb and the drawlength I wanted, and then used a set of 12" carpenter's dividers to figure out the relative proportions of the original. The original I was looking at has a big breeched barrel (1.20") with a fairly short draw length, and I was trying to use a D-weight barrel with a slightly longer draw length yet still keep the flavor of the original architecture, so a straight copy of the original proportions was out of the question. With the dividers I could quickly measure the relative sizes of such things as the buttplate height and the length of the comb, and then figure out the same relative proportions for my interpretation. With a lot of trial and error I did come up with something that will hopefully look like it came out of the same shop as the original.
My mother just showed my a really nifty artists' method of transferring a small sketch onto a larger canvas that I successfully used to make a rough full-sized drawing of a war club from a small picture printed off the internet. It is a variation on the old "draw a grid" method of transferring a drawing, but uses diagonals to establish a proportion instead of a square grid. I need to play around with it a bit more, but it seems like it is going to be a really useful technique.