Re. The mutilated musket balls
Quoting from page 60 and 61 in The Book of The Continental Soldier by Peterson:
"In October 1777, Washington made the practice of using buckshot universal by ordering that "Buckshot are to be put into all cartridges which shall hereafter be made."
Even this lethality was not enough for some, however. Whether they were more ferocious or just more inventive, such individuals mutilated musket balls by cutting them so that they would fragment or at least flatten out upon impact. A few went even further. In 1776 British General Sir William Howe complained to Washington:
My Aid de Camp charged with the Delivering of this letter will present to you a Ball cut and fixed to the Ends of a Nail, taken from a Number of the same kind, found in the Encampments quitted by your Troops on the 15th Instant. I do not make any comments upon such unwarrantable and malicious Practices, being well assured the Contrivance has not come to your Knowledge.
General Howe was apparently just as ignorant of the fact that the same kind of missile was used by his own men, for several such balls were found in the excavation of a British camp at Inwood, New York and are now preserved in the New York Historical Society's museum."
Woodwright