depending on exactly the time frame you are looking at as well as location paint was quite popular, from what i understand it is especially so in military applications, some other options are the boiled linseed oil or even beeswax of some sort. of course tar type stuff could be used...also i suspect that some linseed oil that was used had metal oxides in it and would be technically what we call oil paint now. barn paint that is still available in my area is just boiled oil with a mix of dryers and either iron or other metal oxide, (white used to be lead, probably zinc now) so its pretty much open