Thanks, I have enjoyed everyone's comments. Looking forward to more. Very interesting how powder, cards, shot, and over shot cards give better patterns. Thanks!
Jerry- many guys find if using the old 'standard wads' for paper shotshells, that being , hard card over powder, then fiber cushion, the shot, then thin card, that the heavy fibre and card wad push through the shot cloud close to the muzzle and can actually shoot donuts shaped patterns, with a large hole in the middle. This happens in non-choked gun barrels. Guns with jug chokes and guns with more modern choked muzzles do not have this donutting problem.
WW Greener, long time gun makers in England actually photographed this phenomenon in the early 1900's or shot clouds leaving both cylinder and choked bores. With the cylinder bore, the wads were pushing through the shot column, opening it up, while the 'shadow-graph' showed the choked barrel had actually held the wads back from the concentrated shot, which allowed the shot to remain concentrated together. This translated into good, even patterns.
These types of pictures along with a history of choking smoothbores, is all documented in "The Gun and it's Development" by W.W. Greener. I have the 9th edition. The 1st edition was written in 1858, by W. Greener, W.W. Greener's father, also a prominent, well known gun maker & experimenter at that time.
The book is 781 pages not counting the credits nor adds & extra pictures of the day.
Most of the book pertains to smoothbores and shot, while the last 150 or so pages (from 620 onward) pertain to rifles, history, etc.