Allergies to specific wood dusts are actually rather common in the woodworking trades, with walnut being a known problem. Repeated exposure results in development of a sensitivity to the wood.
Problems commonly range from a stuffy nose to asthma, with skin sensitivities also a possibility. Other woods we might use gunstocking--ash, beech, cherry--can also cause problems but at a lower rate than walnut. (Last time I checked, no one had noted problems with maple.)
The problems seem to have become more common as we've moved to increased use of abrasives rather than cutting tools. I haven't made a specific study of it, but anecdotally problems seem to have been mentioned more frequently after 1925. This doesn't mean there weren't problems before abrasives were more common. For example, any of the Dahlbergia species (rosewood, cocobolo, etc) can cause problems, and this was noted in the literature as far back as the late 1700s.